Week 2

 Today, we all did an exercise to help improve our blood circulation and allows us to concentrate better. 

Then, we had an activity where we all used a marker and use it to impersonate an object and we have to think of four objects using our imagination.

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Here are what we learn during today's lesson

why conducting a literature review is essential?

Conducting a literature review is essential for developing a research idea, to consolidate what is already known about a subject, and to enable you to identify any knowledge gaps and how your research could contribute to further understanding.

This is also important for obtaining funding to support research. Not only do grant funders require background information on your research to illustrate its scientific relevance, but identifying beneficiaries and the potential impact of your results in addressing an area of unmet need are often key areas in grant applications.

After we learned about literature review, we were asked to think of something that irritates us and will make our life easier.

So, here are some of our ideas:

Category	Ideas
Clothing	o   Anti-static clothing
Household items	o   Sound insulation bricks o   Dust proof curtains o   mirror that will not crack
Phone-related	o   anti-fire phone
Electronic	o   sound control air-conditional o   Convenient portable translator o   safe extension socket o   machine that can auto fold the quilt and clothes
Relief medicine	o   tasteless medicine
Environment	o   paper made of grass

We came up with a lot of ideas, but overall we did not manage to use any of them as we could not find a way to fit into as a chemical device.

After discussing with our team members, we had decided our idea.

Problem Statement

As more Singaporeans are leading a more busy lifestyle, 1 out of 4 people tend to eat out as they opt to easy-processed food (Food Delivery and Dining Out May Be Harming Your Health, 2020), which is known to be high in calories. As more singaporeans are getting obese, it has reached 8.9% of obesity in singapore.(Shi-Lu, 2020)

Therefore, our problem statement is "Singaporeans should be more aware of their calorie intake", and we decided on our topic, which is an Air Fryer. With an Air Fryer, Singaporeans can cook healthier meals and more efficiently.

 

Activity

We then decided to do a literature review to evaluate our chemical product using the Literature Review Template. Literature Review is a survey of literature such as books, articles, write-ups, and other sources that help us address the important issues, theories, and concepts relevant to our research area. A good literature review is where:

1. The sources must be relevant and reliable.

2. It must lay a strong foundation for our research topic.

3. It should be narrow enough to eliminate irrelevant information.

4. It should be wide enough to cover enough information required on the subject.

5. It should strike a balance between sources supporting and opposing a particular aspect or argument.

No.	Resource Type Peer-reviewed journals, Internet search engines, books, etc.	Title Article title, book title, etc.	Author(s)	Methodology Experimental, non-experimental, survey, interview, qualitative, etc.	Currency of Research State the year of publication	Main Research Question(s)	Major Finding(s)	Similarity State any similarity in major findings observed among resources	Identified Research Gap (if applicable)
1	Peer-Reviewed Journals	Effect of air-frying conditions on the quality attributes and lipidomic characteristics of surimi during processing	Xina Yu Linqui Li Jing Xue Jie Wang Gonshuai Song Yiqi Zhang Qing Shen	Experimental	2020	1. How air fryer removes oil content from fishes, eventually makes it healthy.	The air-fried surimi had a higher Moisture Content and similar textural property compared to deep fat fried sumiri. Concluding that food preparation using an air fryer is more healthier.	Its almost similar to the other sources as it talks about the fat content and how it is different from other methods of preparation where it is less healthy.
2	Peer-Reviewed journal	Reduced postprandial serum triglyceride after a meal prepared using hot air frying: A randomized crossover trial	Xiaohui Feng Mian Li Haili Liu Paul B. Higgins Yan Tang Yun Cao Jing Shen Shuyan Jin Sheng Ge	Experimental	2020	1. How is air frying healthier than deep fat frying?	1. Air frying reduces postprandial serum triglyceride (ppTG) which may cause coronary heart diseases.
3	Peer-Reviewed journal	Recent developments in frying technologies applied to fresh foods	Xiaotian Zhang Min Zhang Benu Adhikari	Experimental	2020	Is alternative frying technologie have proved to be efficient to produce products with lower oil content and better texture characteristics compared to conventional frying?	Developing alternative frying technologies with reduced oil content in fried foods and preserving the oil from deterioration to get relatively healthy products with less oil are the major challenges for current fried food industries.
4	Peer-Reviewed Journals	The Science behind Air Fryers	Mary-Ann Chen	Experimental	2020	How does an air fryer work?	How an air fryer uses air convection currents to prepare food.
5	Peer-Reviewed Journals	Air Fryers: Are they healthy?	Academy of Culinary Nutrition	Experimental	2020	Are the food prepared by an air fryer healthy?	It can deep fry food but not in a deep frying way, as it doesnt lead to cancer and its influence on an individual reproduction and nervous system.

Reflection:

We learned that literature review is very important and it allows us to have clear idea for the sources that were searched. It also gave us clarity and focus to our research. It also allowed to identify the sources to check whether it is relevant.

References:

Academy of Culinary Nutrition. 2020. Air Fryers: Are They Healthy?. [online] Available at: <https://www.culinarynutrition.com/air-fryers-are-they-healthy/> [Accessed 8 May 2021].

Chen, M., 2020. The Science Behind Air Fryers | Food Chemistry |. [online] Science Meets Food. Available at: <https://sciencemeetsfood.org/air-fryers/> [Accessed 8 May 2021].

Shi-Lu, C., 2020. MOH | News Highlights. [online] Moh.gov.sg. Available at: <https://www.moh.gov.sg/news-highlights/details/obesity-trend-and-programmes#:~:text=1%20Based%20on%20the%202017,has%20remained%20stable%20since%202013.> [Accessed 6 May 2021].

Feng, X., Li, M., Liu, H., Higgins, P., Tang, Y., Cao, Y., Shen, J., Jin, S. and Ge, S., 2020. Reduced postprandial serum triglyceride after a meal prepared using hot air frying: A randomized crossover trial. [online] ScienceDirect. Available at: <https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352364620300018> [Accessed 8 May 2021].

Mount Elizabeth Hospital. 2020. Food Delivery and Dining Out May Be Harming Your Health. [online] Available at: <https://www.mountelizabeth.com.sg/healthplus/article/food-delivery-dining-out#:~:text=Another%202018%20study%20by%20Nielsen,4%20Singaporeans%20dine%20out%20daily.> [Accessed 6 May 2021].

Yu, X., Li, L., Xue, J., Wang, J., Song, G., Zhang, Y. and Shen, Q., 2020. Effect of air-frying conditions on the quality attributes and lipidomic characteristics of surimi during processing. [online] Www-sciencedirect-com.sp.idm.oclc.org. Available at: <https://www-sciencedirect-com.sp.idm.oclc.org/science/article/pii/S1466856419313414> [Accessed 8 May 2021].

Zhang, X., Zhang, M., & Adhikari, B. (2020, February 18). Recent developments in frying technologies applied to fresh foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0924224418306083.